Raising Gurame

1. BRIEF HISTORY
Gurame is a type of freshwater fish consumption, wide flat body shape,
red brown dorsally and yellow ventrally or perakn. Carp fish is Anabantidae family, descendants Labyrinthici Helostoma and nation. Carp originating from waters of the Sunda region (West Java, Indonesia), and spread to Malaysia, Thailands, Ceylon and Australia. Carp fish growth is rather slow compared to other types of freshwater fish.
In Indonesia, the Javanese called it carp, Gurameh, the Sumatran fish if, when, kalui, while in Borneo called Kalui. The English called it "Giant gouramy", because of their large size to achieve weight 5 kg.

2. FISHERIES CENTER
Regions in Indonesia, which became the center of fisheries are: Sumatra, West Nusa Tenggara and Java. While abroad, namely: Thailand, Japan and the Philippines.
3. TYPE
Gouramy classification is as follows:
Class: Pisces
Sub Class: Teleostei
Order: Labyrinthici
Sub Order: Anabantoidae
Family: Anabantidae
Genus: Osphronemus
Species: Osphronemus goramy (Lacepede)
Types of carp that have been known to the public including: carp geese, carp japanese, blausafir, paris, crossbred and porcelain.The last four has been developed in West Java, particularly the Bogor. Compared to other types of carp, porcelain is superior in producing eggs. If the parent hybrid in each nest only able to produce 2000-3000 eggs, porcelain capable of 10 000 grains.Therefore, people are calling it as the top of the pop, and at most favored.

4. BENEFITS
As a source of animal protein supply.

5. LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
1) The land is good for pool maintenance is a type of clay / clay, does not pivot and contains enough humus. Soil type can hold a large mass of water and not leaking so it can be made ridge / pool wall.
2) The slope of the land is good for making ponds ranged from 3-5% to facilitate irrigation pond by gravity.
3) Fish carp can grow normally, if the location of maintenance is at a height of 50-400 m above sea level.
4) Water quality for maintenance of carp fish must be clean and basic pool is not muddy, not too muddy and not contaminated with toxic chemicals, and oil / waste plant.
5) The pool with a depth of 70-100 cm and irrigation system that runs very well for growth and physical development of fish rearing.For the maintenance of traditional in special ponds, discharge water that is allowed is 3 liters / sec, while for the maintenance of a polyculture, the ideal flow of water is between 6-12 liters / sec.
6) Water Acidity (pH), which both are between 6.5 to 8.
7) A good water temperature ranges from 24-28 degrees C.

6. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR RAISING
6.1. Preparation Facility and Equipment
1) Swimming
The common types of ponds used in fish farming carp between
Other:
a. Parent storage pool
This pool serves to store the parent in preparing for egg maturation and parent health care, land swimming pool covering an area of about 10 square meters, a minimum depth of 50 cm and density 20 fish pond females and 10 males.
b. Swimming spawning
Swimming pool in the form of land which covers about 200/300 square meters and density 1 tail pond requires 20-10 square meters (depending on the spawning system.) The requirement is spawning pond water temperature ranges between 24-28 degrees C; depth of 75-100 cm of water; bottom of the pond should be sandy. Place the eggs in the form injuk penempel facilities or branches.
c. Pond maintenance of seed / nursery pond
Size pond no more than 50-100 square meters. The depth of the pool water between 30-50 cm. The density should be 50-50 animals per square meter. Old maintenance on the pond nursery / seedling between 3-4 weeks, when the seed-sized fish 3-5 cm.
d. Swimming enlargement
Enlarged pool serves as a place to maintain and grow the seed after the nursery pond. Occasionally in this maintenance needed some pool nets from 1.25 to 1.5 cm. Number of spreading the seeds should be no more than 10 animals per square meter.
e. Swimming / place Pemberokan
This place is cleaning the fish before it is marketed
As a way of creating a pool are as follows:
a. Measure ground 10 x 10 m (100 m2).
b. Make pematangnya with size; the top width 0.5 m, the bottom 1 m and height 1 m.
c. Install a pipe / big bamboo to the income and expenditure of water. Set high or low, so you can easily insert and remove the water.
d. Subgrade Cangkullah pond to make the soil, and leveled again.The soil will be soft when watered, so the holes will be covered soil, and water does not come out due to leaks from the pores.Sloping bottom of the pond was made toward the exit of water.
e. Make a channel in the middle pond, extending from the water entrance to the exit. Channel width was 0.5 m and depth 15 cm.
f. Dry pond with 2 sacks of manure spread evenly, then the water entered. Leave for 1 week, for fertilizer destroyed and soak into the ground and form a mold, as well as testing for Pool tidask leak. 0.75 to 1 m. high water
2) Equipment
The tools commonly used in carp fish hatchery effort are: nets, waring (anco), hapa (box of net / nets to accommodate temporary or seed parent), seser, buckets, basins of various sizes, weights a small scale ( grams) and large (Kg), hoes, sickles, knives and plates Secchi (Secchi disc) to measure levels of turbidity.
While other equipment used to harvest / catch fish such as carp are Warring / scoopnet a smooth, sieve panglembangan diameter of 100 cm, 5 cm in diameter penandean sieve, place the fish store, basket kemplung, kupyak cages, fish bus (for transporting fish at close range ), kekaban (for the settlement of eggs that are attached), hapa tricote of cloth (for hatching eggs is controlled) or sometimes to arrest seed, sieve penyabetan of aluminum / bamboo, oblok / delok (for transport of seed), sirib ( to catch the seed size of 10 cm or more), anco / hanco (for fishing), lambit from nylon nets (to catch fish consumption), scoopnet (to catch fish fry who were one week or more), seser (point = scoopnet, but its sizelarger), rectangular-shaped nets (to catch fish or fish consumption parent).
6.2. Nurseries
1) Parent Selection
The characteristics of a good parent carp fish are as follows:
a. Has the nature of rapid growth.
b. Normal body shape (ratio of ideal length and weight).
c. Relatively small head size
d. Orderly arrangement of scales, smooth, bright colors and shiny and tidakluka.
e. Normal movement and agile.
f. Sepertipisang beautiful lip shape, small mouth and no beard.
g. Aged between 2-5 years.
As for the characteristics to differentiate male and female parent is
as follows:
a. Female
- Forehead meninjol.
- Basic pectoral fin dark blackish light.
- Chin brownish white.
- If placed on a flat tail just moving.
- If the stomach distriping not remove fluid.
b. Male
- Prominent forehead.
- Basic pectoral fin whitish light.
- Chin is yellow.
- If placed on a flat tail will go up.
- If the stomach distriping issued a white semen.
2) Maintenance Parent
Parent-selected mother (20-30 tail to the pool area of 10 m2) are stored in the parent storage pool. Give food for the shelter. For any parent with a weight between 2-3 kg of leaves were fed as much as 1 / 3 kg per day in the afternoon. Additional food in the form of fine bran brewed hot water given 2 times a week with a rate of 1 / 2 blekminyak ground every time gift.
3) Hatchery
When the ripening process gonada (biological egg and sperm) in the pool shelter has reached its peak, the parent immediately included in the spawning pond. As for how pemijjahan carp fish is as follows:
a. Pond drained for 5 days in advance, fix the levee and the bottom of the pond.
b. Apply lime and fertilizer. Basic fertilization with manure
the stable dose of 7.5 kg/100 square meters and let stand for 3 days.
c. Tanami bottom of the pond with algae plant dog tails
d. Fill water mixed with artificial fertilizers TSP gram/100 sebantak 500 square feet, leave on for 1 week and then fill the water to a depth of 75 cm.
e. For the pool area of 100 square meters can be deployed parent as much as 30 females and 10 males. After spawning in progress, 1-2 days female will release her eggs into the nest which is then disemproti sperm by the male that resulted in egg fertilization. 20-30 days later, the parent-parent that are well maintained will spawn again and a few days later the eggs will hatch.
4) Maintenance Seeds
The seeds that have been aged 1-2 months since the hatch can be raised in nursery ponds or paddy fields as penyelang. In the implementation of the nursery is doing drying ponds or rice fields, fertilizing, dike repair and installation of a filter or repair the pipes at the entrance of income or expenditure of water. After preparation is complete, the seed sown with a density of 30 animals per square meter with seed size 5-10 cm in nursery ponds. Foods that can be given during maintenance are termites or leaves that have been softened with a dose of 20-30% of average weight. Additional food in the form of fine bran brewed hot water given 1 time a week with a dose of 1 tin of kerosene to 100 birds seed. The duration of nursery around 1-2 months.

6.3. Maintenance Enlargement
1) Maintenance of enlargement can be done in polyculture and monoculture.
a) Polyculture
Gouramy dipeliharan with fish tawes, carp, carp, tilapia or catfish.This method is more profitable because of the growth of carp fishing is quite slow.
b) Monoculture
In a separate gurame maintenance, which spread the seeds must be at least 2 months. Spreading the seeds of 500 fish (size 10-15 cm) is required vast pool of about 1500 square meters
2) Fertilization
Fertilization can be done with chemicals and manure. In general, fertilization only done 1 time in every maintenance, with a view to increasing the natural food for pets. The first stage of fertilization performed at the time of pond drying. At this time the given fertilizer is manure as much as 7.5 kg per 100 m2 swimming, water is left little by little until it reaches a height of 10 cm and left for 3 days. In the next stage of fertilization done using artificial fertilizers such as TSP or urea as much as 500 grams for every 100 m2 pond.Providing both the fertilizer evenly sown into each base and the corner of the pond.
3) Feeding
Staple food fish carp in the form of pellets which can be nourished, but in an area that is rather difficult to obtain pellets, leaves are an excellent alternative for food fish, including: papaya, taro, cassava, velvetleaf, purse, kale, sweet potatoes potato, cucumber, pumpkin and dadap.
Regular feeding with high quality and quantity can increase body growth of fish faster. Parent-parent rearing a healthy and secure food can be cultivated twice a year for 5 consecutive years.
4) Maintenance of Ponds / Pond
After every harvest, the pool is cleaned / drained. after that affect fertility, fertilizer for the pond, so that when the seed is spread, the fish will be ensured fertility and growth of fish will be quick.
7. PEST AND DISEASE
7.1. Disease
Disorders that can cause fish death is a disease called non-parasitic diseases and diseases caused by parasites. Non-parasitic disorders can include water pollution such as toxic gases in the form of sulfuric acid or ammonia; damage caused by the arrest or abnormalities of the body due to heredity. Abatement is to detect the state of the pond and fish behavior.
It takes knowledge and experience enough to know it. sick fish usually becomes thin and slow movements. Another disturbance in the form of parasitic disease, caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and various other microorganisms. When the fish exposed to diseases caused by parasites, can be recognized as follows:
1) Diseases of the skin, in certain parts of red, especially in the chest, abdomen and base of fins.
2) Diseases of the gills, gill cover expanded. Gazette gills become pale, sometimes looked red and gray tinge
3) Diseases of the internal organs; swollen belly, scales stand up.Prevention of this disease can be done by lifting the fish and do the drying pond a few days for the parasite in all stages of death.Parasites attached to the body of the fish can be weeded with tweezers.
Treatment for the fish that is enough memprihatikan circumstances, can be done using chemicals such as:
1) Treatment with Potassium Permanganate (PK)
a. Provide water wells or other sources of clean water in tanks in accordance with the weight of fish being treated.
b. Make a solution of 2 PK gram/10 sdt/100 liter or 1.5 l of water.
c. Soak the fish to be treated in the solution for 30-60 minutes with continuously monitored.
d. If not healed completely, re-treatment can be done 3 or 4 days later.
2) Treatment with Neguvon. Fish marinated in neguvon solution with 2 to 3.5% for 3 mernit. For deliverance rantasan parasites in the pond, the material is dissolved in water until the concentration of 0.1% Neguvon then splashed into the pond that had dried.Leave on for 2 days.
3) Treatment with kitchen salt. This is done in rural areas that are difficult to get the chemicals. How: (1) prepare a container filled with clean water. every 100 cc of water mixed with 1-2 grams (NaCl), stirred until smooth, (2) a sick fish soaked in the solution.But because the drug is dangerous, the length of immersion is just 5-10 minutes. (3) After the fish were immediately transferred to a vessel containing water to be moved further back into the pond, (4) re-treatment can be performed 3-4 days later in the same way.
7.2. Pest
For seed gurame ultimate enemy is the disruption of wild fish / predators and some species of fish such as tawes pets, carp and Sepat. Another enemy is the monitor lizards, frogs, snakes and various birds of prey.

8. HARVEST
8.1. Arrest
Harvesting the seeds can be carried out after 1-month-old seedlings. The way to discourage water little by little while the incoming water line is minimized. Put a soft mesh on the door of expenditure to accommodate the seed or it could be to dig a trench in the middle of the pond toward the hole expenditure.Seeds of well maintained can achieve weight 0.3 grams per head at the time of harvest.
The harvesting of fish rearing carp very tersantung of the requested size of the consumer. Generally, harvesting is done after 2-3 year old fish, fish that were 2 years old has about 25 cm long and weighs 0.3 kg / head, while for 3-year-old fish is about 35 cm in length and weight of 0.7 kg / head . For 4-year-old fish can reach 40 cm in length and weighs 1.5 kg / head. As for how to capture: disurutkan water little by little, the arrests were made in the morning. How to Avoid catching fish that can cause injury.

8.2. Cleaning
After the pool water receded, the seeds were herded into small plots. Then diserok and incorporated into the harvest basket.Usually the time of harvest not only carp are caught, so before the fish entered the pond Pemberokan, must be selected and cleaned first. Seed cleaning carried out for 1 day. objectives for fish was not drunk when transported to the market. The length is adjusted by the amount of seed cleaning.

9. Postharvest
1) Handling of live fish
Sometimes fish consumption will be more expensive when sold in a state of life. Things to note for the fish to the consumer in a state of life, fresh and healthy, among others:
a. In transportation use low temperature water of about 20 degrees C.
b. Transportation time should be in the morning or late afternoon.
c. Total fish density in transportation equipment is not too dense.
2) Handling of fresh fish
Fresh fish is a product of rapid mas down quality. Things to consider to maintain freshness, among others:
a. The arrest must be done carefully so the fish do not hurt.
b. Before packaging, the fish should be washed to clean and mucus.
c. Containers should be clean and enclosed carriers. To transport a short distance (2 hours drive), can be used in baskets lined with banana leaves or plastic. For long-distance transportation of used boxes and corrugated iron or fiberglass. The maximum box capacity of 50 kg with a maximum of 50 cm high box.
3) Fish placed in the container or iced with a temperature of 6-7 degrees C. Use the ice in the form of small pieces (ice detached) with a ratio of the amount of ice and fish = 1:1. Bottom of the box covered with ice as thick as 4-5 cm. Then the fish are prepared on the ice is 5-10 cm thick, then followed by a layer of ice again and so on. Between fish given a box with walls of ice, as well as between fish by closing the box.
While the things that need to be considered in pananganan postharvest seed is as follows:
1) The seeds of healthy fish should be selected that is free from disease, parasites and not disabled. After that, a new fish seed is inserted into a plastic bag (closed system) or cage (open systems).
2) Water transport media used should be clean, healthy, free of pests and diseases and other organic materials. For example you can use well water that has been aerated overnight.
3) Before transport of fish seed should diberok advance for several days. Use the form Pemberokan tub containing clean water and good aeration. Bak Pemberokan can be made with size 1 mx 1 m or 2 mx 0.5 m By that measure, like a seed Pemberokan can accommodate a number of 5000-6000 tail goldfish with the size of 3-5 cm. The number of seeds in Pemberokan should be adjusted to the size of the seed.
4) Based on the time / distance delivery, seed transport system is divided into two parts, namely:
a. Open systems
Made to transport the seeds within a short distance or do not require a long time. Transporter in the form of cages. Each cage can be filled with clean water to 15 liters and can carry about 5000 fry size of 3-5 cm.
b. Closed system
Performed for long-distance transport of seeds that take more than 4-5 hours, using a plastic bag. The volume of transport medium consisting of 5 liters of clean water are given a buffer Na2 (hpo) 4.1H2O as much as 9 grams. Way of packaging seeds transported fish with a plastic bag: (1) enter the clean water into a plastic bag and then seed, (3) remove the air by pressing the plastic bag into the surface water, (3) stream of oxygen from the tube drained into a plastic bag as much as 2 / third volume of the entire cavity (water: oxygen = 1:2), (4) and tied a plastic bag. (5) plastic bag inserted into dos with longitudinal position or put to sleep. Dos measuring 0.50 m long, 0.35 m width, and height of 0.50 m can be charged 2 pieces of plastic bags. Some things to note after seeds reached their destination are as follows:
1) Prepare a solution of tetracycline was 25 ppm in the basin (1 capsule tertasiklin in 10 liters of clean water).
2) Open the plastic bag, add water from local ponds very slowly to changes in water temperature in a plastic bag occurred slowly.
3) Move the fish seed to the basin containing a solution of tetracycline for 1-2 minutes.
4) Enter into a tub of fish seed Pemberokan. In the bathtub Pemberokan seed fish fed sufficiently. In addition, treatment with tetracycline 25 ppm for 3 consecutive days. Besides tetrsikli can also use other drugs such as KMnO4 as much as 20 ppm or 4% formalin for 3-5 minutes.
5) After 1 week of quarantine, fish seed stocking in pond aquaculture.

10. RAISING ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Business 10.1.Analisis Cultivation
Approximate analysis of fish culture for 6 carp pond for 1 month in West Java in 1999 were as follows:
1) Production costs
a. Leases of land six ponds @ Rp. 80,000, -/month USD. 480 000, -
b. Seeds per pond 4000 tail @ $ 150, - USD. 3.6 million, -
c. Feed
- Postal per pond 7 bags @ Rp 10,000, - USD. 420 000, -
- Rambo per pond five sacks @ Rp 2.500, - USD. 75.000, -
d. Drug
- Super tetra per pond 2 tablets @ Rp 1.000, - Rp 12.000, -
e. Labor 2 OH @ Rp 20.000, - USD. 40.000, -
f. Others (maintenance) to Rp. 460 700, -
Total production costs Rp. 5,089,700, -
2) Revenue per pond tail @ USD 4000. 400, - USD. 9.6 million, -
3) Advantages USD. 4,510,300, -
4) Parameter feasibility
B / C Ratio = 1.89

10.2.Gambaran Agribusiness Opportunities
Carp fish farming, has a very high economic value. besides the delicious taste and soft, this fish is also popular with many people.It has become a tradition in every kendurian, carp fish dish has always been a major requirement. Besides taste, the treatment is not too difficult and costly, so many fish farmers who began to idolize, cultivate this fish, because the price of each seed is cheap to produce a profit of 3 times the price of seeds. The price of carp fish in the market varies greatly depending on the weight of the fish. Carp fish weighing 1.5 kg to reach the price of Rp 6,000-Rp 8,000 depending on the circumstances at the time.
TIPS ... ... ...
I take from Trubus. This supposedly came from peasant village carp Kemranjen, Purwokerto. If it is felt egg production decreased by 50% carp, even that should be 1500-2000 birds per nest (I have 75 points persarang), then you need to sign carp fish food fried duck egg. First, the bran is mixed with duck eggs as much as 2 eggs per nest. But do not forget, though bran mixed with egg white plus yellow duck duck egg batter will not be as hard as cement walls of the palace of Yogyakarta, which is said to time making use egg (or even the builders, the building must have two eggs). Oops!
For that, in my opinion should bran brewed with boiling water so that thickens, it was only after the cold duck mixed with 2 eggs.
Then, you are looking for old plastic bags wrapped chili vegetable seller, so that there is a hole-bolongnya. Spread out a plastic bag in the middle of the pond by way of interest to the four sides with 4 pieces of bamboo pole. So when you put the batter before, the fish will suck the bottom potion of the plastic sack. Sedroot, sedroot.
Duck egg stench was really stimulate carp passion.
And in my opinion and experience some breeders carp, when you fish lay eggs, do not be too many pellets. Pellets are made to fatten the fish, not to nourish the womb. And fish breeders prefer it if you give Alocasia leaves macrohiza cheap, and easy to obtain
Technology Seed carp hapa Increase 96% SR
Smiling faces decorate sumringah Akhmad Munajat, carp breeders in Singasari, Karanglewas, Banyumas. Rp15-million profit from a hatchery pond was pictured in front of the eye. Rupiah jingle that comes thanks to technology hapa. The new technique was proven successful to increase survival (SR) 7 day old larvae, up to 80A € "95%.
During this 7 day old larvae mortality by 50% to scourge for Munajat. Musababnya presence of predators such as frogs, bibis, and uncit hard inevitable. Changes in temperature also be a nuisance. Not to mention when it rains, carp, small carp were swept away and lost. â € œDari 5000 seeds, at most 2.000â € "2500 tail survived, â €? born August 11, 1961 said it. Reluctant constantly losing money, a retired teacher Islamic School was made a breakthrough: using technology hapa in pond nursery. Although quite simple, hapa technology proved effective. Materials required only hapa or plastic strimin hole size of 1 mm, rafi a rope, rocks, water hyacinth, and plankton culture media. Total cost Rp200.000 for hapa size 3 mx 5 m which accommodates 5000 seeds.
Efficiency land Hapa system gives more advantage because of the materials and tools can be used multiple times. Strimin reach 5 years of age.When carried out 6 times a year nursery, hapa means for 5 years can be used 30 times. The efficiency of land can be made. With technology, the pool did not need to be dried like a conventional manner. One pool serves a double. The entire pond remained flooded, some to nursery in hapa, partly used for other fish farming.Another advantage, hapa technology effectively isolate the predators. Frogs, uncit, and would bibis difficulty penetrating the small hapa. As a result seed was safe in it so that a uniform crop. â € œJumlah eat no animal is reduced because there are no competitors, â €? Farmers Group chairman said that Mina Mandiri. Harvest in the pool was short because enough lift all hapa.According to Dr Triyanto, M.Sc., chairman of the Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture UGM, hapa relatively new breakthrough technology. The system was to increase production because it suppressed the mortality of larvae. â € œHewan competitors can be reduced so that the level carp nursery increasing success, â €? Triyanto said.
The threat of water According Munajat, the idea of wearing hapa came after he often uses as a container strimin carp the size of consumption before they are sold. â € œAgar not difficult to catch when collectors come, â €? Islamic University alumnus said it Assyafi ah. Ease that are later tested at nursery. End of 2003, a 200 m2 pond edges mounted hapa 3 mx 5 m. For the position of strong hapa, hapa given every corner of the rope that fastened with pegs on the edge of the pond. â € œTidak all hapa submerged in water, but spared as high as 40a € "50 cm in surface water, â €? Forum chairman said that Banyumas carp. The area that can accommodate 5000 seeds. Before the seeds spread, put a mixture of bran, fish meal, and animal waste into the hapa. Daphnia a week ago, Moina, and other phytoplankton would flood the hapa. â € œBenih will grow optimally when the environment surrounding many natural food, â €? Triyanto said. After the seeds spread, above hapa planted with water hyacinth as retaining rainwater. Also Eichornia crassipes roots served as a nest and place hanging seed. â € œHanya only water plant not to exceed one third of hapa, â €? Munajat said. That's for fixed incoming sunlight and circulation of light smoothly. A month later, the seed grain size Oyong ready to harvest. Total harvest reached 4.500â € "4800 tail. This means that the success rate reaches 96% hapa system. Weaknesses hapa, the larvae die when when opening clogged strimin moss. To reduce that risk, the edges of the hapa should be cleaned with a brush or simply in-kucek slowly with both hands once a week. (Hanni Sofia /)
11. REFERENCES
1) Rusdi, Taufiq. Fish cultivation Gurame. Jakarta: CV. simplex, 1987
2) Sitanggang, M. Raising Gurame. London: Self Publishing, 1999
3) ____________. Gurame Clippings Collection Fish. New York: shoot, 1997